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GNDU Question Paper-2022

B.A 1

Semester

PHILOSOPHY

(Elementary Philosophy)

Time Allowed: Three Hours Maximum Marks: 100

Note: Attempt Five questions in all, selecting at least One question from each section. The Fifth

question may be attempted from any section. All questions carry equal marks.

SECTION-A

1. Elaborate on the pertinent concerns and issues of different branches of Philosophy by

highlighting their significance in contemporary times.

2. Discuss the relation between Philosophy and Religion. Do you think that they are different or

similar in their nature? Rationalise your argument.

SECTION-B

3. Write an extensive note on the nature and forms of Human Rights. Do you think there

can be any exploitation in the name of Human Rights? Discuss.

4. Discuss the measures and solutions in attaining World Peace by highlighting India's

specific contribution in it.

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SECTION-C

5. Explain the significance of Sangat and Pangat in the light of Guru Nanak's thought.

6. Explain Swami Vivekananda's Humanism.

SECTION-D

7. Discuss the length about the significant component of Culture.

8. What are the components of Civilization and how are they different from thecomponents of

Culture ? Discuss.

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GNDU Answer Paper-2022

B.A 1

Semester

PHILOSOPHY

(Elementary Philosophy)

Time Allowed: Three Hours Maximum Marks: 100

Note: Attempt Five questions in all, selecting at least One question from each section. The Fifth

question may be attempted from any section. All questions carry equal marks.

SECTION-A

1. Elaborate on the pertinent concerns and issues of different branches of Philosophy by

highlighting their significance in contemporary times.

Ans: 1. Metaphysics: The Study of Reality and Existence

Core Concerns:

Metaphysics deals with fundamental questions like What is real? What is the nature of

being? Does God exist? What is time? What is space?

Modern Relevance:

Imagine you’re living in the age of Artificial Intelligence, where machines mimic human

behavior. Metaphysical questions arise: Is AI conscious? Can machines have minds or souls?

These questions are no longer science fiction—they are real concerns being debated in labs

and think tanks.

Also, with the rise of the multiverse theory in physics or virtual reality in gaming,

metaphysics helps us examine the nature of existence. Are we living in a simulation? What

does it mean for something to be "real"?

Metaphysics is central in religion and spirituality too. Questions of what happens after death

or whether God exists remain as relevant today as they were in ancient times. These

metaphysical issues influence laws, social behavior, and personal ethics.

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2. Epistemology: The Study of Knowledge

Core Concerns:

Epistemology asks: What is knowledge? How do we know what we know? What is truth?

What are the limits of human understanding?

Modern Relevance:

We are currently in an era dubbed the “Information Age.” Every second, we’re bombarded

with data from social media, news outlets, and digital platforms. But not all information is

true. Here, epistemology becomes a shield.

It helps us ask, How do I verify the truth? What is credible knowledge? This is vital in fighting

fake news, conspiracy theories, and scientific misinformation (such as during COVID-19).

Epistemology strengthens our ability to critically think, filter sources, and become wise

consumers of information.

In education, epistemology also influences how we learn. Should we rely on memorization

or reasoning? Should experience outweigh authority? These are questions every student

faces in the classroom.

3. Ethics (Moral Philosophy): The Study of Right and Wrong

Core Concerns:

Ethics focuses on what is morally right or wrong, good or bad. It asks questions like: What is

a good life? Is killing ever justified? Should we always tell the truth?

Modern Relevance:

In a world full of ethical dilemmas, from cloning and gene editing to climate change and

euthanasia, ethics becomes our moral compass.

Consider the ethical debates in modern medicine. Should doctors have the right to end the

life of terminally ill patients? What about the moral implications of creating babies through

genetic engineering?

On the other hand, in business, ethics comes into play when companies decide between

profit and people—such as cutting costs through child labor or exploiting natural resources.

Social media ethics also dominate today’s discourse. What are the boundaries of privacy?

Should freedom of speech have limits? Ethics helps guide both individuals and institutions

through these grey areas.

4. Logic: The Study of Reasoning

Core Concerns:

Logic examines the structure of arguments. It teaches us how to reason correctly,

distinguish between valid and invalid arguments, and avoid fallacies.

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Modern Relevance:

Think of a courtroom, a political debate, or even a YouTube video presenting an argument.

Logic helps us analyze, deconstruct, and evaluate these arguments critically.

In the age of internet debates and “cancel culture,” logic helps prevent emotional

manipulation and misinformation. It trains us to ask: Does the conclusion follow from the

premises? Is the reasoning sound?

Moreover, computer science and mathematics heavily depend on logic. Algorithms, coding,

artificial intelligence—all are based on logical reasoning. Thus, logic is foundational not just

for thinkers, but for tech professionals too.

5. Aesthetics: The Philosophy of Art and Beauty

Core Concerns:

Aesthetics explores questions like: What is beauty? Is art subjective? What makes

something art?

Modern Relevance:

In today’s world, aesthetics is not limited to paintings or sculptures. It includes digital art,

fashion, music, movies, and even user interface design in mobile apps.

Think about Instagram filters, NFT art, or video game graphics—aesthetics is at play. It also

influences how we perceive beauty standards and cultural tastes, raising questions about

authenticity, commercialization, and personal expression.

Aesthetics helps us explore the emotional and cultural power of art—how it shapes identity,

challenges authority, or builds community.

6. Political Philosophy: The Study of Governance and Justice

Core Concerns:

Political philosophy asks: What is justice? What makes a government legitimate? What

rights should citizens have?

Modern Relevance:

From debates about democracy vs. authoritarianism, human rights, freedom of expression,

to social justice movements like Black Lives Matter, political philosophy remains crucial.

It helps us understand the purpose of government, the rights of individuals, and the duty of

citizens. Should the state provide free healthcare? What about universal basic income? How

do we ensure justice in a divided society?

Political philosophy is the foundation of public policies, constitutions, and lawmaking. It

gives people the tools to critique systems, fight oppression, and demand reform.

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7. Philosophy of Mind: Consciousness and Mental Processes

Core Concerns:

This branch focuses on the nature of the mind, consciousness, thought, emotions, and the

mind-body connection.

Modern Relevance:

With the rise of mental health awareness, neuroscience, and AI, the philosophy of mind is

more important than ever. What is consciousness? Can it be uploaded to a machine?

Are thoughts just brain activity, or something deeper? What about free will—do we really

make our own choices, or are we just following brain chemistry?

These questions have real-world impact in therapy, psychology, artificial intelligence, and

even spirituality.

Conclusion: Why Philosophy Still Matters

Each branch of philosophy touches a different part of human life. Whether it is deciding

what to believe, choosing how to live, making moral choices, creating laws, or finding

beauty, philosophy gives us a structured way to think about the world.

In a time filled with uncertainty, moral complexity, and technological advancements,

philosophy doesn’t give us all the answers, but it teaches us how to ask the right questions.

It builds critical thinking, ethical awareness, and intellectual humility.

Philosophy is not a luxury for the past—it is a necessity for the present and the future.

2. Discuss the relation between Philosophy and Religion. Do you think that they are different or

similar in their nature? Rationalise your argument.

Ans: Understanding Religion: Faith and Spiritual Practice

Religion, on the other hand, is a system of beliefs, practices, and rituals that centers around

a higher power or divine reality. Religion often includes:

• Belief in God or gods

• Sacred texts (like the Bible, Quran, Vedas, etc.)

• Moral commandments

• Worship practices

• Community rituals

• Life-after-death beliefs

Religions aim not only to explain the universe but also to connect the individual with the

divine and provide a path to salvation, enlightenment, or liberation. For example:

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• Christianity teaches salvation through Jesus Christ.

• Hinduism teaches liberation (moksha) through self-realization.

• Buddhism teaches freedom from suffering through the Eightfold Path.

Religion relies on faith, tradition, and spiritual experience, whereas philosophy relies on

reason, logic, and critical inquiry.

The Common Ground Between Philosophy and Religion

Despite their different methods, philosophy and religion share a deep and enduring

connection. Let’s explore the similarities first.

1. Search for Ultimate Truth

Both religion and philosophy are concerned with the ultimate nature of reality. For example,

Hindu philosophy and religion both ask: “What is Brahman?” or “What is the Self (Atman)?”

Similarly, both philosophy and Christianity ask: “What is the good life?” or “What is the

soul?”

2. Moral and Ethical Concerns

Philosophy and religion both provide moral guidance. Religious teachings such as the Ten

Commandments or the teachings of Buddha provide ethical rules. Philosophers like

Socrates, Aristotle, and Kant also focused deeply on how humans should behave.

3. Big Questions of Life and Death

Both address questions such as:

• Why are we here?

• Is there life after death?

• What is the meaning of suffering?

Philosophy gives logical answers, while religion gives spiritual or divine answers.

4. Human Experience and Spirituality

Some forms of philosophy are deeply spiritual. For example, the writings of Indian

philosophers like Adi Shankaracharya or Western thinkers like Plotinus are almost

indistinguishable from religion. They speak of inner experience, transformation, and unity

with a higher reality.

Key Differences Between Philosophy and Religion

Although there is overlap, philosophy and religion differ in important ways:

1. Method of Inquiry

• Philosophy uses reason, argument, and evidence.

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• Religion uses faith, divine revelation, and scriptures.

• A philosopher may question the existence of God, while a religious believer accepts

God’s existence as a matter of faith.

2. Sources of Knowledge

• Philosophers rely on human intellect.

• Religions rely on divine authority, scripture, or prophetic revelation.

• For instance, Muslims believe the Quran is the word of God revealed to Prophet

Muhammad. Philosophers, however, may analyze the Quran as a text like any other

literature.

3. Dogma vs. Open Inquiry

Religion often includes fixed beliefs or dogmas that must be accepted.

• Philosophy encourages critical thinking, questioning, and debate.

• In some religious traditions, questioning core beliefs may be seen as sinful, while in

philosophy, questioning is essential.

4. Goal

• Religion aims at salvation, liberation, or enlightenment.

• Philosophy aims at understanding and wisdom.

Religious practice often includes rituals and worship, while philosophy does not.

Intersections and Influences

Interestingly, many religious thinkers were also philosophers. For example:

• Saint Augustine and Saint Thomas Aquinas in Christianity used philosophy to support

and explain religious doctrine.

• Adi Shankaracharya in Hinduism used rigorous logical argument to support Vedantic

teachings.

• Al-Farabi, Avicenna, and Al-Ghazali were Islamic scholars who blended Greek

philosophy with Islamic teachings.

• Buddha himself, although a spiritual leader, used rational dialogue to explain his

teachings.

Philosophy has often helped religion become more intellectually robust, while religion has

given philosophy a rich tradition of spiritual insight.

So, Are Philosophy and Religion Similar or Different?

The answer is not simple. They are both similar and different—like two rivers that

sometimes run parallel, sometimes merge, and sometimes take different paths.

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They are similar because:

• Both explore life’s deepest questions.

• Both deal with ethics and human purpose.

• Both shape civilizations and cultures.

Both can lead to personal transformation.

They are different because:

• Their methods and tools are different.

• Philosophy seeks truth through logic, while religion seeks truth through faith.

• Religion involves community, rituals, and worship, while philosophy is more

individual and intellectual.

A Rational Conclusion

So, do I think they are more different or more similar? I would argue that they are different

in method but often similar in purpose.

Philosophy is like a lamp that lights the path using reason. Religion is like a flame that warms

the heart using faith. Both can guide us through the darkness of ignorance—one through

understanding, the other through devotion.

In the end, a wise person may find value in both. Just as a bird needs two wings to fly, the

human mind may need both reason and faith, philosophy and religion, to truly soar toward

the truth.

Final Thought for Students

For university students, understanding the relationship between philosophy and religion is

essential—not just for academic study, but for life itself. It teaches you to think critically

without losing compassion, and to believe deeply without closing your mind. Whether you

follow one path or both, remember: the search for truth, meaning, and purpose is a journey

we all share.

Let your mind question like a philosopher and your heart feel like a believer. That balance is

the true wisdom.

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SECTION-B

3. Write an extensive note on the nature and forms of Human Rights. Do you think there

can be any exploitation in the name of Human Rights? Discuss.

Ans: Introduction: The Essence of Human Rights

Imagine a world where every individual is treated with dignity, fairness, and respect,

regardless of their gender, caste, religion, race, nationality, or economic status. That is the

world human rights seek to create. Human rights are like the invisible armor every human

being carries from birth — a protection against injustice, oppression, and inhuman

treatment.

Human rights are universal, inalienable, and inherent to every human being. These rights

are not granted by any government; rather, they exist simply because we are human. Over

time, societies, nations, and international bodies have recognized these rights, enshrining

them in laws, constitutions, and treaties to protect human dignity.

The Nature of Human Rights

To understand human rights deeply, we must first look into their nature. Human rights are:

1. Universal

The most remarkable feature of human rights is their universality. They apply to all human

beings without any discrimination. Whether you live in India, America, or a small island

nation, your rights as a human remain the same.

2. Inalienable

Human rights cannot be taken away. A person cannot be denied their rights even if they are

accused of a crime or live under a dictatorship. Even if these rights are violated, they do not

cease to exist.

3. Inherent

Human rights are not given or granted. They are inherited by every person from the

moment of birth. You don’t have to earn them; they are yours by the mere fact that you are

human.

4. Indivisible and Interdependent

Human rights are connected to one another. The right to life, for example, is linked to the

right to health, education, food, and shelter. If one is violated, others are affected too.

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5. Equal and Non-discriminatory

Human rights are for everyone, everywhere. No one is superior or inferior when it comes to

enjoying their rights. Discrimination of any kind—based on race, gender, religion, or social

background—is a violation of these rights.

6. Dynamic and Evolving

Human rights are not fixed or stagnant. As societies grow and evolve, so do the definitions

and understandings of human rights. New rights—such as the right to internet access or

digital privacy—are emerging in the modern era.

Forms of Human Rights

Human rights can be classified into various categories or forms depending on their nature

and purpose. Let's explore these in a simplified way:

1. Civil and Political Rights

• These rights protect individuals from the abuse of power by the state and ensure

participation in political life.

• Right to life and liberty

• Freedom of speech and expression

• Right to privacy

• Right to a fair trial

• Right to vote and participate in governance

• Freedom from torture and inhuman treatment

• Freedom of religion and conscience

• These rights are essential in any democracy. They safeguard personal freedoms and

empower people to speak against injustice.

2. Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights

• These rights aim to ensure a basic standard of living and dignity for all.

• Right to work and fair wages

• Right to education

• Right to health

• Right to housing

• Right to food and clean water

• Right to social security

• Right to participate in cultural life

• These are vital for achieving equality and development in society.

3. Collective or Solidarity Rights

• These rights apply to groups rather than individuals and are important for global

peace and cooperation.

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• Right to development

• Right to self-determination

• Right to a clean and sustainable environment

• Right to peace

• Right to humanitarian assistance

• For example, indigenous communities often assert their collective right to control

their lands and resources.

4. Environmental Rights

With the rise of climate change and ecological disasters, environmental rights have become

a pressing concern.

• Right to a clean, safe, and sustainable environment

• Right to protection from environmental harm

• Right to access environmental information

Human Rights and the Possibility of Exploitation

While human rights are noble in nature and intention, like all powerful tools, they can also

be misused or manipulated for selfish interests.

Let’s explore how:

1. Misuse for Political Gain

Some politicians or political groups use the language of human rights to attack opponents or

justify questionable actions. For example, interfering in another country’s internal matters

under the name of “protecting human rights” is a form of political exploitation.

2. Selective Advocacy

Many nations and organizations raise concerns about human rights violations only when it

suits them. They might highlight violations in one region while ignoring abuses elsewhere.

This selective approach undermines the universality of human rights.

3. Terrorist or Extremist Justification

Certain groups misuse the concept of “freedom of belief or expression” to justify hate

speech, terrorism, or extremist ideologies. This puts societies at risk and distorts the

purpose of human rights.

4. Corporate Exploitation

In the name of providing employment or development, some multinational corporations

exploit workers, damage the environment, or suppress union rights. They may claim to

uphold human rights standards while violating them secretly.

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5. Fake Claims and Legal Manipulations

Some individuals misuse human rights laws to escape punishment or delay justice. For

instance, false claims of torture or misuse of “right to privacy” can be made to obstruct legal

investigations.

Safeguarding Human Rights from Exploitation

To ensure that human rights are not misused:

• Strong Legal Systems: Laws should be clear, just, and fair so that genuine violations

are punished and false claims are discouraged.

• Public Awareness: People should be educated about their rights as well as their

responsibilities. Rights come with duties.

• Impartial Institutions: Independent human rights commissions, courts, and

watchdogs must function without political or corporate pressure.

• International Cooperation: Countries must work together to uphold human rights

globally, avoiding double standards.

Conclusion

Human rights are the backbone of a just and fair society. They uplift the human spirit and

ensure that every individual lives a life of dignity, respect, and freedom. But, like any

powerful idea, they must be handled with care. While they protect us, they can also be

misused if not checked with responsibility and wisdom.

Therefore, it's essential that we not only enjoy our rights but also respect the rights of

others, be alert to their misuse, and ensure that human rights remain a force for good —

not a tool for exploitation.

4. Discuss the measures and solutions in attaining World Peace by highlighting India's

specific contribution in it.

Ans: I. Measures and Solutions to Attain World Peace

Achieving world peace involves efforts at multiple levels: individual, national, and

international. Some key measures include:

1. Promoting Education and Awareness

• Education is the foundation of peace. An educated population is more likely to

embrace tolerance, empathy, and dialogue.

• Schools and universities must teach global citizenship, human rights, ethics, and

conflict resolution.

• Peace education can help dismantle hatred and promote understanding.

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2. Ending Poverty and Economic Inequality

• Poverty and economic disparity lead to crime, social unrest, and sometimes even

terrorism.

• Countries and international bodies should work together to ensure fair trade, debt

relief, and sustainable development.

• Equitable access to resources can reduce resentment and promote stability.

3. Strengthening International Organizations

• Institutions like the United Nations, World Bank, and International Court of Justice

play a vital role in maintaining global peace.

• These bodies help mediate conflicts, provide humanitarian aid, and enforce

international laws.

• More reforms are needed to make such institutions transparent, fair, and effective

for all countries.

4. Peaceful Conflict Resolution

• Dialogues, negotiations, and mediation should replace war and aggression.

• Countries must resolve their disputes diplomatically through peaceful means, such

as treaties or third-party arbitration.

5. Disarmament and Nuclear Non-Proliferation

• Weapons of mass destruction threaten humanity.

• There must be global commitment to reduce arms and ban the spread of nuclear

weapons through treaties like the NPT (Non-Proliferation Treaty) and CTBT

(Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty).

6. Respect for Human Rights and Democratic Values

• Peace cannot exist where oppression, discrimination, or autocracy thrive.

• Upholding the rights of all people regardless of gender, religion, or ethnicity creates

a peaceful and inclusive society.

7. Promoting Interfaith Dialogue and Cultural Exchange

• Religious and cultural diversity is a strength, not a threat.

• Encouraging understanding between different faiths can reduce tension and

religious extremism.

8. Climate Action and Environmental Protection

• Climate change fuels conflict by creating resource scarcity (water, food, land).

• Global cooperation on environmental issues is crucial for sustainable peace.

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II. India’s Contribution Towards World Peace

India has made significant contributions to the global peace-building process—not only

through its foreign policy but also through its cultural, spiritual, and political values. Here

are the key aspects of India’s role in promoting world peace:

1. Philosophy of Non-Violence (Ahimsa)

• India’s ancient philosophy emphasizes “Ahimsa” (non-violence), compassion, and

peaceful coexistence.

• Mahatma Gandhi, the Father of the Nation, gave the world a powerful tool—

Satyagraha, or non-violent resistance.

• His methods inspired global leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. and Nelson Mandela.

• Gandhi's ideology still forms the foundation of peaceful political movements across

the world.

2. Peacekeeping Missions

• India is one of the largest contributors to United Nations Peacekeeping Forces.

• Indian soldiers have served in more than 50 UN missions, helping in conflict zones

like Congo, Sudan, Lebanon, and Sierra Leone.

• India’s peacekeeping troops are praised for their discipline, humanitarian work, and

courage.

3. Nuclear Policy: No First Use

• Although India is a nuclear power, it follows a strict “No First Use” policy.

• This policy ensures that India will never initiate nuclear warfare, thereby contributing

to global nuclear stability.

4. India’s Role in International Diplomacy

• India has actively participated in international forums such as the United Nations, G-

20, BRICS, and the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM).

• Through these platforms, India promotes dialogue, cooperation, and respect for

sovereignty.

• India’s foreign policy is based on “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam”, which means “the

world is one family.”

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5. Humanitarian Aid and Development Assistance

• India provides medical and economic aid to countries affected by disasters and

conflicts.

• During the COVID-19 pandemic, India launched “Vaccine Maitri” (vaccine friendship),

sending vaccines to over 90 countries.

• India’s aid is not just financial; it includes education, healthcare support, and

technical cooperation.

6. Promotion of Yoga and Meditation

• India’s spiritual traditions have brought inner peace to millions worldwide.

• International Yoga Day, celebrated on June 21 every year, was proposed by India and

adopted by the United Nations.

• Practices like yoga and meditation promote mental peace, reduce aggression, and

increase global harmony.

7. Efforts for Climate Peace

• India has taken major steps toward clean energy and sustainable development.

• Through initiatives like International Solar Alliance (ISA), India is working with other

nations to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and fight climate change.

• This not only protects the planet but also helps prevent resource-based conflicts.

8. Support for Palestine and Global Justice

• India has consistently voiced support for Palestinian self-determination while also

maintaining diplomatic relations with Israel.

• India supports multilateralism, justice, and equal rights in the global order.

Conclusion

Attaining world peace is not the responsibility of one nation alone—it requires a united

effort from every individual and every country. While challenges like terrorism, climate

change, and international conflicts continue, the hope for peace lies in cooperation,

compassion, and education.

India's peaceful philosophy, responsible global conduct, and humanitarian values offer a

shining example of how a country can influence global peace positively. From Mahatma

Gandhi’s teachings to modern peacekeeping missions, India has played and continues to

play a constructive role in building a more just and peaceful world.

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The dream of a peaceful world may be difficult, but with collective effort and inspiration

from nations like India, it is not impossible.

SECTION-C

5. Explain the significance of Sangat and Pangat in the light of Guru Nanak's thought.

Ans: Guru Nanak Dev Ji, the first Guru and founder of Sikhism, was a revolutionary thinker

and spiritual reformer. His message was not just about individual spiritual liberation, but

about creating a just, equal, and inclusive society. Two of the most powerful social concepts

introduced and emphasized by Guru Nanak were Sangat and Pangat. These were not just

religious practices, but instruments of social transformation. Through these, Guru Nanak

envisioned a society where discrimination, inequality, and divisions would vanish.

Let us understand these two concepts like a story, to truly grasp their depth and

significance.

󷉸󷉹󷉺 The World Before Guru Nanak: A Quick Background

Imagine India in the 15th century. It was a time of chaos and deep-rooted social evils. The

caste system was at its peak. Untouchability was considered “normal,” and women were

seen as inferior. Religion had become more about empty rituals and priestly power than

true spirituality. Hindu and Muslim communities were often in conflict, and the idea of unity

and equality seemed far-fetched.

It is in this dark period that Guru Nanak was born in 1469 in Talwandi (now Nankana Sahib

in Pakistan). He grew up seeing this injustice and asked bold questions. His famous words:

"Na koi Hindu, na Musalmaan"

(“There is no Hindu, there is no Muslim”)

show that for him, religion was not about labels, but about humanity and the inner

connection with God.

In this atmosphere, Guru Nanak laid down the foundations of Sangat and Pangat, two tools

to build a new social order based on equality, fraternity, and spiritual unity.

󷇴󷇵󷇶󷇷󷇸󷇹 What is Sangat?

Sangat, in simple terms, means the holy company or congregation. It refers to a gathering of

people who come together in the presence of the Guru (in modern times, the Guru Granth

Sahib) to remember God, sing hymns, and discuss spiritual and moral teachings.

But Sangat is more than just a religious meeting.

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󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷 Guru Nanak’s Vision of Sangat:

1. Spiritual Growth Through Unity: Guru Nanak believed that the best way to grow

spiritually was in the company of others who also seek truth. Sangat helps cleanse

the mind and soul.

"Saadhsangat mil raheeaai, har gun kehieaai"

("By joining the holy congregation, one can chant and hear the praises of God")

2. Ego and Isolation Are Barriers: Sangat breaks the wall of ego. When people sit

together as equals, they learn humility and compassion.

3. Collective Learning: Guru Nanak emphasized that learning is not one-way. In Sangat,

people share experiences, interpret Gurbani together, and grow together. Everyone

is both a teacher and a student.

4. A Space for Social Reform: It was in the Sangat that people of different castes,

religions, and genders came together — something unimaginable in those days.

There were no Brahmins or Shudras here. Everyone was simply a Sikh — a learner.

󷌭󷌮󷌯󷌰󷌱󷌲󷌳󷌴󷌵󷌶󷌷󷌸󷌹󷌺󷌻󷌼󷌽󷌾 What is Pangat?

Pangat is the practice where people, regardless of caste, creed, gender, or status, sit

together in a line (row) on the ground and eat the same food served equally to all. This

practice usually follows the Sangat and is part of Langar (the community kitchen started by

Guru Nanak).

󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷 Guru Nanak’s Message through Pangat:

1. Absolute Equality: Imagine a king and a beggar sitting next to each other, eating the

same food from the same kitchen. That is the power of Pangat. It visually and

practically destroys the idea of high and low birth.

2. Service (Seva): In Pangat, food is prepared and served by volunteers as an act of

Seva, or selfless service. Guru Nanak taught that serving others is serving God.

3. Breaking Caste Barriers: Caste was not just a belief — it was a lifestyle. People of

lower castes were not even allowed to share water or food with the upper castes.

Guru Nanak challenged this by encouraging everyone to eat together.

4. Economic Sharing: Langar is not just free food. It’s a way to share resources and

ensure that no one goes hungry, no matter how poor. It is a model of economic

equality.

󹴷󹴺󹴸󹴹󹴻󹴼󹴽󹴾󹴿󹵀󹵁󹵂 Real-Life Stories That Reflect Guru Nanak’s Ideas

Let’s take the example of Raja Shivnabh, a king who wanted to meet Guru Nanak. Guru

Nanak did not go to the palace; instead, he stayed with a low-caste musician named Bhai

Mardana. When the king came, Guru Nanak asked him to sit in Pangat and eat with

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everyone else before hearing any teachings. This act shocked the king but taught him a

valuable lesson in humility and equality.

Another powerful story is of Bhai Lalo and Malik Bhago. Malik Bhago, a rich official, invited

Guru Nanak to a feast. But Guru Nanak refused and instead went to eat at Bhai Lalo’s house,

a poor carpenter. When asked why, Guru Nanak squeezed Bhago’s food and blood came

out, symbolizing exploitation. He squeezed Lalo’s food and milk came out, symbolizing

honest labor. This, again, was a lesson in ethical living and equality.

󹸯󹸭󹸮 The Deeper Meaning: Sangat and Pangat as Tools for Social Revolution

Guru Nanak was not just creating a spiritual path; he was re-structuring society. Sangat and

Pangat served many purposes:

Aspect

Sangat

Pangat

Spiritual

United people in devotion to God

Taught humility and service through

food

Social

Broke barriers of caste, class, and

gender

Promoted equality and unity

Political

Challenged religious authorities

Questioned privilege and hierarchy

Economic

Shared resources and knowledge

Ensured food and dignity for all

These practices continue even today in every Gurudwara. Wherever you go — whether it’s

in Amritsar, London, or New York — you will find Sangat singing together and Pangat eating

together. This global presence of Sangat and Pangat shows that Guru Nanak’s ideas are not

only timeless but universal.

󹻊󹻋󹻌󹻎󹻍 Final Thoughts

Guru Nanak’s vision was to create a society based on Naam (Remembrance of God), Daan

(Charity), and Seva (Service). Sangat and Pangat are the living expressions of these

principles. They are simple acts — sitting together, eating together, praying together — but

they carry deep spiritual and social meaning.

They teach us that:

• No one is superior or inferior.

• God lives equally in everyone.

• True spirituality must lead to social justice.

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In today’s world, full of divisions based on race, religion, and wealth, the teachings of Guru

Nanak through Sangat and Pangat remain not only relevant but necessary. As university

students, learning these ideas is not just about exams — it's about understanding how to

live in a fair, compassionate, and inclusive world.

In the light of Guru Nanak’s thought, Sangat and Pangat are not rituals — they are

revolutions.

They invite us to break walls, build bridges, and walk together on the path of truth and love.

6. Explain Swami Vivekananda's Humanism.

Ans: 󷉃󷉄 The Roots of Vivekananda’s Humanism: Influences and Inspirations

Swami Vivekananda (born Narendranath Datta in 1863) was deeply influenced by the

teachings of his master Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa, who taught him that “Jiva is

Shiva”—that every living being is divine. This one simple idea became the foundation of

Vivekananda’s humanism.

His exposure to Vedantic philosophy, his travel across India, and his deep compassion for

the poor and suffering people shaped his views on human dignity, social justice, and service.

He was not just a thinker in an armchair. He walked thousands of miles across India,

observed the condition of people, and concluded that religion must be practical, not just

theoretical.

󷇱󷇳󷇲 The Core of Vivekananda’s Humanism

Swami Vivekananda’s humanism is not the same as Western secular humanism. He gave a

spiritual meaning to human life. According to him:

• Man is divine – Every person is not just a body and mind but a reflection of the

divine soul (Atman).

• Service to man is service to God – Helping others is not charity; it is worship.

• The purpose of human life is self-realization – Knowing one’s true self leads to the

highest joy and peace.

• Unity in diversity – All religions and people are paths to the same truth.

• Education, upliftment, and empowerment – These are the keys to a better society.

Let’s now understand each of these elements one by one in simple terms.

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󷸈󷸉󷸊󷸋 1. Man is Divine

Vivekananda believed that every human being has infinite potential and power. He once

said:

“Each soul is potentially divine.”

He rejected the idea that people are weak or sinful by nature. He said that we must not

worship God by ignoring humanity. True worship is realizing the divinity in others.

Just imagine if we saw every person as a spark of God—how would we treat them? With

love, respect, and compassion, right? That’s exactly what Vivekananda meant.

󺚕󺚖󺚗󺚘󺚙󺚚󺚧󺚛󺚜󺚝󺚞󺚟󺚠󺚡󺚢󺚣󺚤󺚥󺚦󺚨 2. Service to Man is Service to God

One of the most powerful messages of Swami Vivekananda’s humanism is “Daridra

Narayana”—the idea that the poor are not to be pitied but worshipped as God Himself.

He said:

“Wherever you see a poor, sick, or ignorant person—serve them as you would serve God.”

He established the Ramakrishna Mission in 1897 not just to preach religion but to serve

humanity through education, health care, disaster relief, and spiritual training.

His humanism is deeply practical. It does not stop at feelings or prayers; it demands action.

He wanted monks not to sit in temples but to go out and help society.

󼨐󼨑󼨒 3. Human Life is for Self-Realization

According to Vivekananda, life is sacred, and the goal of life is to realize the truth about

ourselves—that we are not the body or mind but the immortal soul.

This realization comes not just by meditating in forests but by living a good, active, and

meaningful life in society.

He connected the idea of spiritual growth with social service. When we help others, we are

helping ourselves grow spiritually.

󷆫󷆪 4. Unity in Diversity

Swami Vivekananda strongly believed that all religions are different paths to the same goal.

He did not preach any one religion but encouraged tolerance, acceptance, and universal

brotherhood.

At the Parliament of Religions in Chicago in 1893, he began his speech with:

“Sisters and Brothers of America…”

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The audience stood and clapped for over two minutes. Why? Because for the first time, they

heard an Eastern monk speak of harmony, not conflict, between religions.

He told the world that India’s strength lies in its spiritual heritage, and this spirituality must

be used to serve mankind.

󹴷󹴺󹴸󹴹󹴻󹴼󹴽󹴾󹴿󹵀󹵁󹵂 5. Education and Empowerment as Tools of Humanism

For Vivekananda, education was the most powerful tool to transform society.

But he didn’t mean just reading books. He defined education as:

• “The manifestation of the perfection already in man.”

• He wanted an education that builds character, strengthens the mind, and teaches

self-confidence. He said that if you educate women and the poor, you build the

nation.

• He also believed that science and religion should go hand in hand—both are ways to

discover truth.

󹱊󹱋󹱌󹱍󹱎 Swami Vivekananda’s Ideal Human Being

His vision of a human being was someone who is:

• Fearless and strong

• Spiritually aware

• Socially active

• Morally upright

• Compassionate to all

He often used the image of Hanuman or Shiva—symbols of strength and devotion—to

inspire the youth of India. He called for “muscles of iron and nerves of steel” and wanted

Indians to shake off their inferiority complex.

󹻊󹻋󹻌󹻎󹻍 Humanism as a Solution to Social Problems

In his time, India suffered from:

• Caste discrimination

• Poverty

• Colonial rule

• Religious divisions

Vivekananda said all these can be solved if we see every human being as divine and treat

them with love, equality, and respect.

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He criticized rituals and superstitions, and asked people to focus on truth and service.

󷉪󷉫󷉬󷉮󷉭󷉯󷉰󷉱󷉲󷉳 Conclusion: The Relevance of Vivekananda’s Humanism Today

Even today, Swami Vivekananda’s humanism is extremely relevant. In a world divided by

religion, race, and class, his message of universal brotherhood, human dignity, and service

shines brightly.

His life teaches us that:

• Real spirituality lies in serving humanity

• Real religion means love and compassion

• Real education is character-building

• Real success is self-realization

Let us remember his words:

“They alone live who live for others, the rest are more dead than alive.”

Swami Vivekananda’s humanism is not just a philosophy—it is a call to action for each one

of us to become better humans by serving others and realizing the divine within ourselves.

󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷 In Summary: Key Concepts of Swami Vivekananda's Humanism

Concept

Explanation

Divinity of Man

Every human being is divine.

Service to Humanity

Serving others is serving God.

Self-Realization

Purpose of life is to know the true Self.

Unity of Religions

All religions lead to the same truth.

Practical Education

Education must build character and confidence.

Empowerment of Poor and Women

True development begins from the bottom.

Spiritual Activism

Religion should uplift society, not escape from it.

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SECTION-D

7. Discuss the length about the significant component of Culture.

Ans: 1. Language: The Foundation of Culture

Language is the most important tool for communication and a key component of culture. It

allows people to express thoughts, emotions, and ideas. Without language, the transmission

of culture from one generation to the next would be almost impossible.

• Verbal language: Spoken or written words. For example, English, Hindi, Tamil,

French.

• Non-verbal language: Body language, facial expressions, gestures, eye contact.

Example: A simple nod may mean ‘yes’ in India, but in some cultures, it can mean

something else entirely.

Importance: Language helps preserve cultural heritage, express identity, and build

community. Different languages reflect different ways of thinking and understanding the

world.

2. Symbols: Signs of Shared Meaning

Symbols are anything that carries a specific meaning recognized by people who share a

culture. These can be words, gestures, objects, or even sounds.

Examples:

• The national flag symbolizes patriotism.

• The cross symbolizes Christianity.

• The Namaste gesture in India is a symbol of respect.

Symbols help people quickly understand cultural messages without using detailed

explanations. They are powerful tools of communication in a society.

3. Values: Core Beliefs and Ideals

Values are the shared ideas of what is good, bad, right, wrong, desirable, or undesirable.

They act like moral compasses that guide behavior and decision-making in a society.

Examples:

• Honesty, loyalty, hard work, respect for elders.

• In Indian culture, family unity and respect for elders are strong values.

• In Western culture, individual freedom and self-reliance are often emphasized.

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Why are values important?

They shape laws, education systems, politics, and even day-to-day interactions. Values give

meaning and purpose to people’s lives.

4. Norms: Rules of Social Behavior

Norms are standards of behavior that are considered normal in a culture. These are the “dos

and don’ts” of society.

There are two main types of norms:

a) Folkways

These are informal rules and customs. Breaking them might not lead to punishment but can

cause social disapproval.

• Example: Saying “thank you,” dressing appropriately, table manners.

b) Mores (Morals)

These are strong norms based on morality. Violating them often leads to punishment or

serious consequences.

• Example: Stealing, cheating, or harming others.

Norms help maintain social order and predictable behavior. They keep society running

smoothly.

5. Beliefs: What People Accept as True

Beliefs are the convictions or ideas that people accept as true. These can be religious,

philosophical, or practical.

• Religious beliefs: Belief in God, karma, afterlife.

• Social beliefs: Faith in democracy, equality, education.

• Superstitions: Believing in omens, astrology, etc.

Beliefs influence rituals, customs, laws, and daily behavior. They are passed from generation

to generation and can change over time with new knowledge and experiences.

6. Customs and Traditions: Carriers of Culture

These are the practices and ceremonies that a culture follows regularly. They are visible

signs of culture in action.

• Customs: Regular habits followed by people.

• Example: Greeting with a handshake or bow, celebrating birthdays.

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• Traditions: Long-established customs passed down over time.

• Example: Diwali in India, Christmas in Western countries, Eid in Muslim cultures.

Customs and traditions keep cultural identity alive. They build a sense of belonging and

unity among people.

7. Rituals: Symbolic Acts

Rituals are formal and repeated acts performed on special occasions. They are often

religious or cultural in nature and have deep meaning.

Examples:

• Lighting a diya in Diwali.

• Offering namaz in Islam.

• Graduation ceremonies in schools.

Rituals connect individuals to their community, ancestors, and beliefs. They mark life events

like birth, marriage, and death.

8. Material Culture: Tangible Aspects of Culture

Material culture refers to the physical objects created and used by a society.

Examples: Clothes, food, buildings, art, technology, tools.

• Material culture reflects the level of development of a society and its lifestyle.

For instance:

• An iPhone, pizza, or a skyscraper shows modern Western culture.

• A charkha (spinning wheel), temple architecture, or handmade pottery reflects

Indian traditional culture.

9. Non-Material Culture: Intangible Aspects of Culture

This includes ideas, values, morals, beliefs, language, norms – everything that shapes how

people think and behave.

Unlike material culture, non-material culture cannot be touched or seen, but its impact is

deeply felt.

For example:

• The concept of “Atithi Devo Bhava” (Guest is God) is an Indian value.

• The idea of freedom and democracy in American culture.

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10. Art and Literature: Creative Expressions of Culture

Every culture has its unique forms of art and literature, which reflect the values, beliefs, and

historical experiences of its people.

Examples:

• Indian classical music, folk dances, epics like Ramayana.

• Shakespearean dramas in English culture.

• African tribal paintings or Aboriginal dot art in Australia.

• These creative expressions help preserve cultural memory and educate future

generations.

Conclusion: Culture – The Invisible Guide of Life

Culture is like air — invisible but essential for survival. It shapes how people think, feel, and

act. It is not something we are born with, but something we learn, share, and pass on. From

language to beliefs, from rituals to values, every component plays a crucial role in creating a

collective identity and social harmony.

In a diverse country like India or in a globalized world today, understanding the components

of culture helps us to respect differences, promote unity in diversity, and live together in

peaceful coexistence.

Let us not only learn our own culture but also appreciate the cultures of others — because

culture is not just about the past; it’s the bridge to our shared human future.

8. What are the components of Civilization and how are they different from thecomponentsof

Culture ? Discuss.

Ans: 󷆫󷆪 Meaning of Civilization

The term civilization comes from the Latin word civis, meaning "citizen". Civilization refers

to the complex and advanced stage of human society, marked by progress in technology,

governance, economy, and infrastructure. It is the outward, material aspect of human

development.

A civilization is recognized when people live together in organized communities, develop

systems of writing, establish laws, build cities, and have institutions for education, trade,

and governance.

Example: Ancient Egyptian Civilization, Indus Valley Civilization, Mesopotamian Civilization.

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󷖳󷖴󷖵󷖶󷖷 Meaning of Culture

The term culture originates from the Latin word cultura, which means “to cultivate”. Culture

is the inner core of a society. It is the collection of beliefs, customs, arts, morals, laws,

languages, religion, values, and ways of life passed from one generation to another.

Culture is more about how people think, feel, and live. It reflects their identity, ideologies,

and worldviews. Culture can exist even without advanced technology or infrastructure.

Example: The values of respect for elders in Indian culture or the emphasis on harmony in

Japanese culture.

󼨻󼨼 Components of Civilization

Let’s break civilization into its basic components—the building blocks that make it complete

and advanced.

1. Urban Development

• Civilizations are marked by the rise of cities.

• Structured layout, roads, drainage systems, and housing.

• Cities like Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, and Babylon were central to early civilizations.

2. Government and Laws

• A formal system of administration.

• Kings, emperors, elected leaders, bureaucracies.

• Law and order ensure peace and justice in society.

3. Economy and Trade

• Organized systems of production and exchange.

• Trade of goods and services locally and with other regions.

• Use of currency, development of banking and commerce.

4. Writing and Record Keeping

• Use of scripts to communicate and document.

• Examples: Hieroglyphics (Egypt), Cuneiform (Sumerians), Brahmi script (India).

• Important for administration, religion, and preserving knowledge.

5. Technology and Science

• Innovations that improve living standards.

• Tools, agriculture methods, architecture, medicine, mathematics.

• Example: Pyramids in Egypt, irrigation systems in Mesopotamia.

6. Art and Architecture

• Civilizations express themselves through temples, palaces, sculptures, and paintings.

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• Reflects the wealth and creativity of a society.

7. Education and Institutions

• Schools, libraries, and universities.

• Formal education and transmission of knowledge.

8. Religion and Belief Systems

• Organized systems of worship.

• Temples, rituals, priesthood, and theological schools.

󹲹󹲺󹲻󹲼󹵉󹵊󹵋󹵌󹵍 Summary: Civilization is mostly about material and institutional progress. It shows how

people organize and advance in the physical world.

󼨐󼨑󼨒 Components of Culture

Culture, being more abstract and emotional, has its own unique components.

1. Language

• The medium of communication.

• It is essential for sharing knowledge, traditions, and emotions.

• Example: Hindi, Sanskrit, Arabic, Mandarin.

2. Values and Beliefs

Deep-rooted ideas about right and wrong, good and evil.

• Examples: Respect for elders, belief in karma, honesty.

3. Customs and Traditions

• Rituals and practices followed by communities.

• Festivals, marriage ceremonies, mourning rituals.

• These give people a sense of identity and belonging.

4. Norms and Etiquette

• Rules of behavior in society.

• For instance, bowing in Japan as a sign of respect or removing shoes before entering

a house in India.

5. Religion and Spirituality

• The core of many cultures.

• Not always organized like in civilization.

• Involves individual or collective belief in divinity, the soul, afterlife, etc.

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6. Art, Music, and Literature

• Expression of emotion, creativity, and experiences.

• Folktales, poems, classical music, dances.

• Cultural identity is deeply rooted in artistic forms.

7. Food and Dress

• What people eat and wear reflects their environment and traditions.

• Example: Wearing sarees or eating dal-chawal in India.

8. Folk Knowledge and Oral Traditions

Wisdom passed down through generations without writing.

Proverbs, folk songs, storytelling.

󹲹󹲺󹲻󹲼󹵉󹵊󹵋󹵌󹵍 Summary: Culture is the soul of a society. It governs how people live, feel, think, and

relate to one another.

󷃆󷄣󷄤 Differences Between Civilization and Culture

Basis

Civilization

Culture

Nature

External and material

Internal and spiritual

Focus

Technology, government,

institutions

Beliefs, customs, values

Form

Seen in cities, architecture, laws

Seen in language, dress, food,

traditions

Development

Constantly improving and evolving

Passed down and preserved over

time

Dependency

Needs large populations and

infrastructure

Can exist in small communities too

Example

Roman Civilization

Roman culture including Latin, dress,

religion

󼩎󼩏󼩐󼩑󼩒󼩓󼩔 How Civilization and Culture Influence Each Other

Though different, civilization and culture often go hand in hand.

• A civilized society without culture becomes lifeless—like a body without a soul.

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• A culture without civilizational structure might remain simple or unorganized.

Example: Ancient India had a rich culture (Vedas, Yoga, philosophy) and also a great

civilization (Mauryan Empire, Gupta dynasty with administration and universities like

Nalanda).

When civilizations decline, their culture often survives. For instance, the Indus Valley

Civilization disappeared, but many cultural practices like the worship of mother goddesses

or yoga postures remain in Indian culture.

󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷 Conclusion

To wrap it all up like a story’s moral: Civilization is the body, culture is the soul. One builds

cities, writes laws, and creates tools; the other sings songs, prays to the divine, and teaches

values.

As university students, understanding both helps us not only score good marks but also

appreciate how human societies have developed materially and spiritually. The two may

differ, but both are essential for the growth and identity of any society. Without culture,

civilization has no direction. Without civilization, culture has no structure.

“This paper has been carefully prepared for educational purposes. If you notice any mistakes or

have suggestions, feel free to share your feedback.”